Environmental performance and economic viability assessment of emission reduction pathways for ships calling at Shanghai Port

To assess the application potential of emission reduction technologies for ships calling at Shanghai Port,this study develops a bottom-up at-berth emissions inventory for auxiliary engines and boilers based on AIS data and vessel characteristics. Four scenarios are evaluated: 0.1% ULSFO,LNG fuel,shore power for non-tanker vessels,and shore power for all vessel types. The results show that LNG provides the most comprehensive pollutant reductions. Shore power for all vessel types reduces in-port non-carbon pollutants by over 80%,but its carbon mitigation effect is constrained by operational efficiency and the grid carbon intensity. By contrast,0.1% ULSFO mainly reduces SO_x and PM2. 5. The cost-benefit analysis indicates that NO_x reduction contributes the largest share of social benefits. Under current market conditions,subsidies are the key determinant of technological economic viability. Only shore power for all vessel types approaches break-even when large-industrial electricity tariffs are available and operational and grid-related conditions are satisfied,whereas 0.1% ULSFO has the weakest economic performance due to its high cost and limited benefits. The findings can provide a basis for differentiated emission reduction decision-making in ports.